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A completely new form of carbon has been created. Dubbed “Schwarzite’, this new form of carbon is negatively curved unlike fullerenes (the 3-D form of carbon) and graphene (the 2-D form of carbon) which have positive and zero curvature, respectively. Zeolites, crystalline form of silicon dioxides and more commonly used as water softeners in laundry detergents and to catalytically crack petroleum into gasoline, turned out to be the key component in taking this carbon form from theory into reality. The theoretical development of schwarzites dates back to the 1880s when German physicist Herman Schwarz investigated curved surfaces that resembled soap bubble surfaces. Much later, in the 1990s, when work on carbon cage molecules was in progress, Schwarz’s name became attached to the hypothetical negatively-curved carbon sheets.Researchers working in South Korea and Japan were investigating Zeolite-Templated Carbons (ZTCs) – crystalline form of silicon dioxide with carbon structure built into them – and checking for any interesting properties. They accidentally created schwarzites although they were unaware of it. The importance of the work of the scientists was noticed by the University of California, Berkeley, chemists who identied these ZTC materials as schwarzites based on their negative curvature. Berend Smit, an adjunct professor of chemistry and biomolecular engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, along with his team demonstrated that it was possible

to create these (ZTC) structures by injecting a vapour containing carbon into zeolites. Once inside, the carbon assembles into a graphene-like sheet that lines the walls of the pores in the zeolite. In doing so, the surface stretches to minimise the area. As schwarzites are topologically minimal surfaces, they tend to acquire negative curvature. The zeolite is then dissolved to produce pure schwarzites.Their large interior volume would also allow storage of atoms and molecules, which is also being explored with fullerenes and nanotubes. Moreover, their large surface area, equivalent to the surface areas of the zeolites they are grown in, could make them as versatile as zeolites for catalysing reactions in the petroleum and natural gas industries.The team found that of the approximately 200 zeolites created to date only 15 can be used as a template to make schwarzites and only three of them have been used to produce schwarzite ZTCs.

Optimisation of these structures could prove highly benecial. In the past, discovering new forms of carbon has yielded exciting technological revolutions having great potential applications in the form of fullerenes and graphene discoveries which were rewarded by Nobel Prizes in Chemistry in 1996 and Physics in 2010, respectively.