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As part of the study, various tests for toxicity were performed on leachate produced in a lab from soil­like material, which was dried, mixed and screened after being from collected from landfills in Hyderabad, Delhi and Kadapa. Results of these tests were compared with water passed through regular soil, collected from 5 km around the landfill. The study showed that heavy metal concentration was up to 96% higher in the soil­like material. Other characteristics and elements such as hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulfates, chlorides, bromides, organic matter, alkalinity and ammoniacal nitrogen were all found to be in much higher concentration. “We can expect that about 20% of the landfill will probably be toxic,” Mr. Warsi conceded. It would perhaps also be laden with heavy metals given the size of the city and the age of the landfill , he added. While the oldest landfill at Ghazipur has been operational since 1984, the one at Bhalswa has been operational since 1993 and the one at Okhla since 1994. A lot of unchecked hazardous material not supposed to be dumped at landfill may have found its way here, he explained. This would affect the toxicity of the soil­like material which would be derived from the landfill. But to make sure it doesn’t contaminate the mine it is shifted to, safeguards such as sandwiching the material between layers of soil and geosynthetic clay liners would be undertaken, he said. However, the quality of these liners, the difficulty of laying them inside a mine and the risk of leachate collecting at the bottom of the pit over time would have to be kept in mind, said experts. Apart from this, Mr. Warsi also suggested that certain varieties of trees could be planted over the site to absorb toxic material. However, here too, the level of penetration of the roots into the soil and their ability to absorb heavy metals will have to be considered. In any case, Mr. Warsi said that the solution with the least environmentally hazardou impact had to be chosen. While such techniques, possibly unaccounted for costs, may be deployed to safely dispose of the waste in the country’s capital, similar safeguards will also have to be kept in mind while dealing with biomining exercises set to start across the country. The NGT in its order has also directed all municipal corporations in the country to carry out similar projects.