A greater capability by India to patrol up to the Line of Actual Control (LAC) coupled with an increasingly assertive Chinese posture is fuelling new tensions along the border, according to former senior Indian officials. Indian and Chinese troops have been involved in as many as four incidents in recent weeks along the undefined LAC. On Monday, Chinese state media said the People’s Liberation Army was “tightening control” in one of the flashpoints in Galwan Valley in the western sector, after it accused India of “unilaterally” changing the status quo by “illegal construction”. A build-up has also been reported in Demchok in Ladakh. Separately, troops from both sides were involved in fisticuffs that led to injuries following stand-off incidents on May 5 near the PangongTso lake in Eastern Ladakh and on May 9 in Naku La in North Sikkim. Army Chief General Manoj Naravane said on May 14 the two incidents were not related and there had been “aggressive behaviour and minor injuries on both sides”. Both sides had since disengaged at these two spots.Face off incidents occur routinely in the summer months when both sides are able to more frequently patrol up to their respective perceptions of the LAC. Detailed protocols are in place for troops to handle such incidents. According to the 2005 protocol on modalities for implementing confi­dence ­building measures, neither “shall use force or threaten to use force” and “both sides shall treat each other with courtesy and refrain from any provocative actions”.

The 2013 Border Defence Cooperation Agreement said patrols “shall not follow or tail patrols of the other side in areas where there is no common understanding” of the LAC. It called for both sides to “exercise maximum self-restraint, refrain from any provocative actions, not use force or threaten to use force against the other side” in face­offs. With more intensified patrolling on both sides, the open space available has shrunk, so face ­to face situations will occur; what is different is the aggressive manner in which Chinese troops behaved and prevented Indian troops from patrolling.

Answer the following questions from the above passage-

Q1. What is fuelling new tensions along the border of India and China according to former senior Indian officials? 

Q2. Why People Liberation Army was " tightening control " in one of the flashpoints in Galwan valley in the Western sector? 

Q3. What is in the 2013 Border Defense Cooperation Agreement ? 

Q4. Why the face off incidents occur routinely in the summer months? 

Q5. What was the result of more intensified patrolling on both sides?