Explanation:

Let’s break it down:

- Zamindari system (Option 1):

At independence, a big problem was this system where zamindars (landlords) collected rent from farmers and often exploited them. Farmers had little security or incentive to improve the land. Land was concentrated in a few hands.

- Land reforms (Option 2):

These were steps taken after independence to fix those old problems—like abolishing zamindari. So, this wasn’t the problem at independence but an attempted solution.

- Allocation of land (Option 3):

This isn’t really a major issue that plagued agriculture in 1947. The problem was who controlled the land, not officially allocating it.

- Land ceiling (Option 4):

This refers to laws limiting how much land a person or family can own, to stop big landlords from having too much. These ceilings started coming in after independence, so they weren’t the problem— they were part of reform efforts.

Correct answer is:

Zamindari system (Option 1).

In short: Indian agriculture was struggling under the zamindari system, not because of land ceilings.