Explanation:

- Increase in Public Expenditure: When the government spends more, it can lead to higher demand for goods and services, pushing up demand beyond supply.

- Increase in Money Supply: More money in the economy means people have more purchasing power, again increasing demand beyond what is available.

- Fall in Taxes: Lower taxes leave consumers with more disposable income, resulting in higher spending and increased demand.

- All the above: Each of these factors can independently contribute to surplus demand by boosting economic activity and spending.

Your chosen answer is:

Option 4 - All the above