Explanation:

- The statement refers to the established scalar chain, which is the line of authority that runs from the top level to the lowest rank in an organisation.

- Option 1: Authority

- This is correct. The scalar chain establishes the flow of authority.

- Option 2: All of the above

- This suggests that all options given are correct, but only "Authority" is directly linked to the scalar chain concept.

- Option 3: Top to bottom

- While the scalar chain works from top to bottom, "Top to bottom" alone does not fully explain the concept.

- Option 4: None of the above

- Incorrect, as "Authority" is correct.

Correct Answer: Option 1 – Authority