Explanation:

Correct Option: (c) Explanation:  Statement 4 is incorrect: Margin requirements is a qualitative tools. Supplementary notes: Instruments of Monetary Policy  The government through the reserve bank of India employs the monetary policy as an instrument of achieving the objectives of general economic policy.  The quantitative measures of credit control are:  Bank Rate Policy: The bank rate is the Offi cial interest rate at which RBI rediscounts the approved bills held by commercial banks. For controlling the credit, in fl ation and money supply, RBI will increase the Bank Rate. Current Bank Rate is 6%.  Open Market Operations: OMO The Open market Operations refer to direct sales and purchase of securities and bills in the open market by Reserve bank of India. The aim is to control volume of credit.  Cash Reserve Ratio: Cash reserve ratio refers to that portion of total deposits in commercial Bank which it has to keep with RBI as cash reserves. The current Cash reserve Ratio is 6%.  Statutory Liquidity Ratio: It refers to that portion of deposits with the banks which it has to keep with itself as liquid assets (Gold, approved govt. securities etc.), the current SLR is 25%.  If RBI wishes to control credit and discourage credit it would increase CRR & SLR.  Qualitative measures:  Qualitative measures credit is used by the RBI for selective purposes. Some of them are:  Margin requirements: This refers to difference between the securities offered and amount borrowed by the banks.  Consumer Credit Regulation: This refers to issuing rules regarding down payments and maximum maturities of installment credit for purchase of goods.  Guidelines: RBI issues oral, written statements, appeals, guidelines, warnings etc. to the banks.  Rationing of credit: The RBI controls the Credit granted / allocated by commercial banks.  Moral Suasion: psychological means and informal means of selective credit control.  Direct Action: This step is taken by the RBI against banks that don’t ful fi ll conditions and requirements. RBI may refuse to rediscount their papers or may give excess credits or charge a penal rate of interest over and above the Bank rate, for credit demanded beyond a limit.