Concept of Ecology

Geography and Environment (MPPCS)

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Pioneer species mostly invade a bare area, during primary succession in water. Which among the following acts as pioneer species?

1. Small phytoplanktons

2. Rooted floating angiosperms

3. Reed-swamp

4. Marsh-meadow

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 4 only

1, 2, 3 and 4

Ecological succession :

Ecological succession is the process that describes how the structure a biological community (that is, an interacting group of various species in a desert, forest, grassland, marine environment, and so on) changes over time.
Primary succession on rocks: These are usually lichens which are able to secrete acids to dissolve rock, helping in weathering and soil formation. These later pave the way for some very small plants like bryophytes, which are able to take hold in the small amount of soil.
Succession that begins in new habitats or lifeless areas that are uninfluenced by preexisting communities are called Primary succession.
Small Phytoplankton are the pioneers that conducts primary succession in water.
Phytoplanktons are gradually replaced with time by rooted-submerge plants, rooted- floating angiosperms followed by free- floating plants, then reed-swamp, marsh meadow, scrub and fi nally the trees.